What each video is built on

Trumpet phoonkne par gardan mein ubhar? | Laryngocele

If your voice stays hoarse for more than 4 weeks, or there is a lump in your neck, see an ENT specialist. A 3D medical animation for education, not medical advice.

The trumpet link is a guess, not proven: the evidence is weak. Almost all of it comes from one old study (1966, 94 band players), and a laryngocele is rare.

Visuals: 3D animation made in Blender by DrBull. The voice is AI-generated, from a model trained on DrBull's own voice. Music and the chest-tattoo art were made with Google Gemini.

1. Fletcher NH, Tarnopolsky A. Blowing pressure, power, and spectrum in trumpet playingJ Acoust Soc Am 1999;105(2):874-81; blowing pressure up to 25 kPa, above normal systolic BP↗
2. Pugliese G et al. Glass‐blowing, brass‐playing, and other laryngocele etiologies: Fact or fiction? A systematic literature reviewWorld J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; the saccule, the wind-instrument link and why its proof is weak, the link with voice-box cancer↗
3. Fagan JJ. Surgery for Laryngocoeles (Laryngoceles)Open Access Atlas of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Operative Surgery (University of Cape Town); the outside type and the thyrohyoid membrane↗
4. Macfie DD. Asymptomatic Laryngoceles in Wind-Instrument BandsmenArch Otolaryngol 1966;83(3):270-5; the 1966 X-ray study of 94 band players↗
5. Stachler RJ et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Hoarseness (Dysphonia) (Update)Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; hoarse for more than 4 weeks: see an ENT↗
6. Slonimsky E et al. A Comprehensive Update of the Incidence and Demographics of Laryngoceles in AdultsAnn Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2022; how rare it is, found by chance on a scan↗
7. The trumpet player with a swelling in the neckBMJ Case Rep 2015; a pharyngocele can look alike↗
8. Imaging of Pharyngocele: An Occupational Overuse SyndromeOman Med J 2020; a pharyngocele can look alike↗
9. Elbakary IM et al. Bilateral laryngocele with unilateral laryngopyocele: a case report and review of the literatureEgypt J Otolaryngol 2026;42:97; real case photo (CC BY 4.0), cropped, highlight ring added↗
10. Tamilchelvan SK et al. External Laryngocele in an Adult: A Case ReportCureus 2024;16(11):e73234; real case photo (CC BY 4.0), eye masked, highlight ring added↗

Iron lung: jab polio vaccine nahi thi | World Polio Day

Polio has no cure; it can only be prevented. For a child's polio vaccine, ask your nearest health centre or doctor.

Visuals: 3D animation made in Blender by DrBull. Music: AI-generated for this video (Google's music tool).

1. India polio-free, last wild case 2011PIB (Govt of India), “Zero Case: India's Polio Eradication Saga”, 18 Nov 2024↗
2. Polio: no cure, only prevention; paralysis and breathingWHO fact sheet “Poliomyelitis”, 2 Apr 2025↗
3. Vaccine years (1955, 1961), anterior-horn motor neuronsCDC Pink Book, ch. 18 Poliomyelitis↗
4. How the iron lung works (negative pressure)AARC Virtual Museum↗
5. Corrado A, Gorini M. Negative-pressure ventilation: is there still a role?Eur Respir J 2002;20(1):187-97; pull vs push↗
6. West JB. The physiological challenges of the 1952 Copenhagen poliomyelitis epidemic and a renaissance in clinical respiratory physiologyJ Appl Physiol 2005;99(2):424-432; pull vs push↗
7. Sharma A et al. Variational anatomy of cervical part of phrenic nerve: An observational human cadaveric studyNatl J Maxillofac Surg 2025;16(2):285-291; the breathing nerve's roots (C3-C5)↗
8. Wards of iron lungs; the tankWood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology, “Iron Lung”↗
9. Wards of iron lungs; the tankSmithsonian, 10 Jun 2020↗
10. Ángeles-Sistac D et al. Cureus 2024;16(8):e67281Positive pressure in the 1950s↗
11. The oral polio vaccine vial (bOPV)WHO prequalified bOPV package insert↗
12. World Polio Day, 24 OctoberCDC, “World Polio Day”, 5 Nov 2024↗

Foot drop kya hota hai? Pair par pair rakhne se bhi ho sakta hai

If your foot starts to hang, see a doctor. Sitting with one leg over the other can press the common peroneal nerve; a slipped disc in the lower back can do it too.

What's measured: the normal walk is real motion data, the average of 31 healthy men of his height (Senden 2024). The hanging foot is drawn at the size measured in patients (Wiszomirska 2017, Cohen 2023).

What's ours: the glowing muscle, the travelling signal and where it stops are our drawings of the path, not a measured signal. The lumbar window is our 3D drawing of an L4-L5 disc herniation.

Visuals: 3D animation made in Blender by DrBull. The music and one sound effect are AI-generated for this video.

1. Senden R et al. Normative 3D gait data of healthy adults walking at three different speeds on an instrumented treadmill in virtual realityData Brief 2024;53:110230↗
2. Wiszomirska I et al. Effect of Drop Foot on Spatiotemporal, Kinematic, and Kinetic Parameters during GaitAppl Bionics Biomech 2017;2017:3595461↗
3. Cohen JC et al. Gait analysis of leprosy patients with foot drop using principal component analysisClin Biomech 2023;105:105983↗
4. Jerome JTJ et al. Distal Nerve Transfers for Foot Drop: A Systematic Review and Meta‐AnalysisMicrosurgery 2026;46(1):e70187↗
5. Feger MA et al. Lower Extremity Muscle Activation in Patients With or Without Chronic Ankle Instability During WalkingJ Athl Train 2015;50(4):350-357↗
6. Congio JB et al. Anatomical study of the innervation of the tibialis anterior muscle and its relationship with myofascial trigger pointsActa Cir Bras 2026;41:e414326↗
7. Benstead TJ. Fibular (peroneal) neuropathyHandb Clin Neurol 2024;201:149-64↗
8. Boatright SL. Compression-Caused Peroneal Neuropathy: Commentary from a BiopsychologistSouth Med J 2010;103(1):66-71↗
9. Than CA et al. Characterizing Spinal Decompression for Foot Drop Caused by Lumbar Degenerative Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of CohortsJ Clin Med 2025;14(13):4470↗
10. Abdu SM et al. Racial variations in sciatic nerve anatomy: A systematic review and meta-analysisPLoS One 2026;21(3):e0344170↗
11. Sun Y et al. A rare lumbosacral trunk variation: communicating branches to the femoral and obturator nervesFolia Morphol 2026;85:e01726062↗

Roz ki cholesterol goli ya ek drip? Naya gene-edit trial

Apni statin band mat kijiye. Phase 1 trial only. No cardiovascular outcome data. Long-term safety: unknown. Investigational: not approved.

Visuals: AI-generated video clips, edited by DrBull; music AI-generated for this video. The PCSK9 molecule is the real structure PDB 2P4E (RCSB Protein Data Bank).

1. Vafai SB et al. In Vivo Base Editing of PCSK9 with VERVE-102 for HypercholesterolemiaNEJM 2026;395(7):648-59; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06164730, status checked 15-10-2026: recruiting↗
2. Ference BA et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus PanelEur Heart J 2017;38:2459-72↗
3. Laffin LJ et al. Phase 1 Trial of CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Targeting ANGPTL3NEJM 2025;393:2119-30↗
4. PCSK9 → LDL receptorevolocumab US label §12.1 (DailyMed)↗
5. Statins and heart-attack riskatorvastatin US label §1 (DailyMed)↗
6. "LDL = bad cholesterol"MedlinePlus (NIH/NLM), "LDL: The 'Bad' Cholesterol"↗

Spinal Anesthesia in 3D 💉 Every layer the needle passes

A spinal is given by an anaesthetist. A 3D medical animation for education, not medical advice. Some structures are drawn not to scale; the medicine's light-blue colour is added for teaching, it is clear.

Visuals: 3D animation. Some outside scenes restyled with AI; some sounds AI-generated. Not real patients or doctors.

1. Bhardwaj D et al. Comparative evaluation of three techniques for paramedian subarachnoid block: Point-of-care preprocedural ultrasound assisted, real-time ultrasound guided and landmark basedIndian J Anaesth 2022;66(Suppl 2):S102-S107↗
2. Nair N et al. Correlation between depth of subarachnoid space in the lumbar region estimated by Stocker’s formula, ultrasound, and depth of needle insertion: A prospective observational studyJ Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2022;38(4):548-552↗
3. Paul JE et al. Conus medullaris termination: Assessing safety of spinal anesthesia in the L2–L3 interspaceActa Anaesthesiol Scand 2025;69(3):e14580↗
4. Kim KT. Lumbar puncture: considerations, procedure, and complicationsEncephalitis 2022;2(4):93-97↗
5. Lee JH et al. Incidence of newly developed postoperative low back pain with median versus paramedian approach for spinal anesthesiaKorean J Anesthesiol 2020;73(6):518-524↗
6. Zedde M et al. Duropathies: A Narrative Overview of a Neglected Concept—Part One: Anatomical, Embryological, and Pathophysiological ElementsNeuroSci 2025;6(4):115↗
7. Sharma PN et al. Morphometric Analysis of the Filum Terminale and Conus Medullaris: A Cadaveric StudyCureus 2026;18(3):e105233↗
8. Olawin AM, Das JM. Spinal AnesthesiaStatPearls, 2022; PMID 30725984↗
9. Bupivacaine 0.5% with glucose, Summary of Product CharacteristicsUK emc, 2022↗

Trendelenburg gait: the limp of a weak hip

1. Kiernan D et al. Pathological movements of the pelvis and trunk during gait in children with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study with 3-dimensional kinematics and lower lumbar spinal loadingPhys Ther 2018;98(2):86-94↗
2. Senden R et al. Normative 3D gait data of healthy adults walking at three different speeds on an instrumented treadmill in virtual realityData Brief 2024;53:110230↗
3. Fujita T et al. Trendelenburg gait after total hip arthroplasty due to reduced muscle contraction of the hip abductors and extensorsJ Orthop 2025;59:57-63↗
4. Zeni J et al. The effect of surgical approach on gait mechanics after total hip arthroplastyJ Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018;38:28-33↗
5. Tazawa M et al. Effects of walking with a cane on frontal plane hip joint loading in patients with late-stage unilateral hip osteoarthritisArch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2022;4(3):100209↗
6. Tateuchi H et al. Gait kinematics of the hip, pelvis, and trunk associated with external hip adduction moment in patients with secondary hip osteoarthritis: toward determination of the key point in gait modificationBMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020;21:8↗
7. Pohl MB et al. Experimentally reduced hip-abductor muscle strength and frontal-plane biomechanics during walkingJ Athl Train 2015;50(4):385-391↗
8. Anders C et al. Detailed spatial characterization of superficial hip muscle activation during walking: a multi-electrode surface EMG investigation of the gluteal region in healthy older adultsPLoS One 2017;12(6):e0178957↗
9. Feger MA et al. Lower extremity muscle activation in patients with or without chronic ankle instability during walkingJ Athl Train 2015;50(4):350-357↗
10. Nawoczenski DA et al. Relationship between clinical measurements and motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint during gaitJ Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81(3):370-376↗

Why Stroke Hits Indians a Decade Early

1. Mathur P et al., ICMR-NSRP Investigators. Stroke patterns, risk factors, management, and outcomes from hospital-based stroke registries in IndiaInt J Stroke 2026;21(6):827–38. PMID 41502107 · doi 10.1177/17474930251393187 · PMC13291390. "One in 7 stroke were in the young."↗
2. Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP). State of the Nation 2025, Table 1 (PDF)Stroke hospitals in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (not Scotland), admissions April 2024–March 2025: 92,414 patients, median age 76 (IQR 65–84); intracerebral haemorrhage 12,406 (13.4%). Replaces the Oxford Vascular Study (Pendlebury, Lancet Neurol 2019, PMID 30784556: mean 74.4, one county, 2002–12, incl. TIA)↗
3. Patil RS, Faruqi AA. A case report of simultaneous intracranial… (CVT)Cureus 2024;16(3):e55642. PMC10996888 · doi 10.7759/cureus.55642. Image licence CC BY 4.0 — attribution required↗
4. GBD 2023 Diseases and Injuries / Risk Factors Collaborators. Burden of 375 diseases and injuries, risk-attributable burden of 88 risk factors… 1990–2023Lancet 2025;406(10513):1873–1922. PMID 41092926 · PMC12535840↗
5. GBD 2023 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 292 causes of death… 1990–2023Lancet 2025;406(10513):1811–1872. PMID 41092928 · PMC12535838↗
6. Jones SP et al. Stroke in India: a systematic review of the incidence, prevalence, and case fatalityInt J Stroke 2022;17(2):132–140 (online 2021). PMID 34114912 · doi 10.1177/17474930211027834. IN — crude incidence 108–172/100,000/yr (9 studies)↗
7. Rangamani S et al. (ICMR population-based registries)Lancet Reg Health SE Asia 2024;23:100308. PMID 38404513 · PMC10884975. IN — crude 138.1/100,000↗
8. Saver JL. Time is brain—quantifiedStroke 2006;37(1):263–6. PMID 16339467 · doi 10.1161/01.STR.0000196957.55928.ab↗
9. (background since the 2026-09-14 audit) van Asch CJ et al. Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic originLancet Neurol 2010;9(2):167–76. PMID 20056489 · doi 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70340-0. 36 studies, 8,145 patients; median 1-month case fatality 40.4%↗
10. (background since the audit) Wolsink A et al. Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage, according to age, sex, and country income levelLancet Reg Health Eur 2024;49:101180. PMID 39759582 · doi 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101180 · PMC11699750. 70 studies, 19,470 patients, 26 countries; 1-month case fatality 35.5%↗
11. O'Donnell MJ et al. (INTERSTROKE)Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries. Lancet 2016;388:761–75. PMID 27431356 · doi 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2. 26,919 participants↗
12. Lewington S et al. (Prospective Studies Collaboration)Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality. Lancet 2002;360:1903–13. PMID 12493255 · doi 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11911-8↗
13. Rao Guthi V et al. Hypertension treatment cascade among men and women of reproductive age group in India: analysis of NFHS-5 (2019–2021)Lancet Reg Health SE Asia 2023;23:100271. PMID 38404520 · doi 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100271 · PMC10884964. 1,267,786 people↗
14. Kaul S et al. Intracranial atherosclerosis is the most common stroke subtype: ten-year data from Hyderabad Stroke Registry (India)Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2018;21(3):209–13. PMID 30258264 · doi 10.4103/aian.AIAN_86_18 · PMC6137626. Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, 2001–2011; 2,642 patients; of 779 large-artery strokes, 610 (78.3%) intracranial↗
15. De Silva DA et al. Neurol India 2021;69:1282–4PMID 34747800. 216 South Asian patients; 3.01× adjusted odds of poor 6-month outcome↗
16. Sharma U, Verma P, Adithan S. Surg Radiol Anat 2023;45(8):939–945PMID 37269412 · doi 10.1007/s00276-023-03148-1. 289 Indian CT angiograms↗
17. International Institute for Population Sciences / MoHFW. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-6) 2023–24, India Fact Sheet (provisional)Fieldwork 28 May 2023–31 Dec 2024; 716,397 women, 100,977 men. Items 84–89: BP ≥140/90 or taking medicine, age 15+ — women 19.4%, men 22.1%. No cascade rows↗
18. Patel D et al. Role of lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asian individualsJ Am Heart Assoc 2025. PMID 40654252 · doi 10.1161/JAHA.124.040361↗
19. Koh MY et al. Association of elevated lipoprotein(a) levels with ischemic stroke in young patients — a systematic review and meta-analysisJ Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024;33(11):107960. PMID 39222699 · doi 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107960. 5 case-control studies (1,345 patients under 65); the ≥30 mg/dL-only analysis, 4 studies: OR 1.43 (1.08–1.88)↗
20. Tsimikas S et al. Eur Heart J 2020;41(24):2275–84PMID 31111151. Statins raised Lp(a) 8.5–19.6% (6 RCTs, 5,256 patients)↗
21. Bhatia HS et al. Circulation 2025;151(4):312–21PMID 39492722↗
22. Misra A et al. Obesity, abdominal obesity, and adipose tissue depots in South Asians with specific reference to Asian IndiansJ Clin Lipidol 2025. PMID 41293937 · doi 10.1016/j.jacl.2025.06.012↗
23. Mathur P et al. Awareness, behavior, and determinants of dietary salt intake in adults: results from the National NCD Monitoring Survey, IndiaSci Rep 2023;13:15890. PMID 37741845 · doi 10.1038/s41598-023-42694-x · PMC10517942. 3,000 adults aged 18–69↗
24. Mathur P et al. National NCD monitoring survey (NNMS) in India: estimating risk factor prevalence in adult populationPLoS One 2021;16(3):e0246712. PMID 33651825 · doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0246712. Mean salt 8 g/day (95% CI 7.8–8.2)↗
25. Johnson C et al. Sources of dietary salt in North and South India estimated from 24 hour dietary recallNutrients 2019;11(2):318. PMID 30717304 · PMC6412427. 1,283 people↗
26. SSiIS. Am J Clin Nutr 2021PMID 33782684 · doi 10.1093/ajcn/nqab054. 502 rural Indian hypertensives↗
27. Neal B et al. (SSaSS)Effect of salt substitution on cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med 2021. PMID 34459569 · doi 10.1056/NEJMoa2105675. 20,995 people in rural China with a history of stroke, or aged 60+ with high blood pressure↗
28. Miller MR et al. Inhaled nanoparticles accumulate at sites of vascular diseaseACS Nano 2017;11(5):4542–52. PMID 28443337 · doi 10.1021/acsnano.6b08551↗
29. GBD 2023 Risk Factors Collaborators. Lancet 2025;406(10513):1873–1922PMID 41092926 · PMC12535840. India stroke-DALY shares from its appendix 3, table 13B (GHDx), rebuilt for all three stroke types: high systolic BP 53.6%, air pollution 34.9% (modelled)↗
30. Prabhakaran S et al. 2026 Guideline for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke AssociationStroke 2026;57(8):e316–e436. PMID 41582814 · doi 10.1161/STR.0000000000000513. IV thrombolysis within 4.5 h (Sec 4.6.1); thrombectomy within 6 h and in selected patients 6–24 h (Sec 4.7.2). Correction: doi 10.1161/STR.0000000000000530↗
31. Dutta A et al. Factors associated with prehospital delay in stroke: a multicentre study from eastern IndiaIndian J Med Res 2026;164(3):412–416. PMID 42690856 · doi 10.25259/IJMR_285_2026 · PMC13541205. 10% of patients or families recognised the symptoms as stroke; 44.1% went directly to a stroke-ready hospital↗
32. Asif KS et al. Geo-spatial analysis of acute ischemic stroke reperfusion treatment in IndiaInt J Stroke 2025;20(6):708–20. PMID 39719435 · doi 10.1177/17474930241312598. Centre data March 2021; 566 thrombolysis-capable / 361 thrombectomy-capable centres↗
33. Union Health Secretary Punya Salila Srivastava, National Stroke Summit, New Delhi, 22 Jan 2025: "Nearly 500 stroke units are currently operational across the country" (All India Radio, newsonair.gov.in). Official statement, not a peer-reviewed source↗
34. Ettehad D et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysisLancet 2016;387:957–67. PMID 26724178 · doi 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8. 613,815 participants; stroke RR 0.73 per 10 mmHg↗
35. Kronenberg F et al. (European Atherosclerosis Society consensus)Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J 2022;43:3925–46. PMID 36036785 · PMC9639807↗
36. Service facts: 112 = India's national Emergency Response Support System number; 108 = medical-emergency ambulance (National Health Mission: 35 States/UTs dial 108 or 102)↗

Slim people, fatty liver?

1. Shalimar et al. Prevalence of NAFLD in India: systematic review and meta-analysisJ Clin Exp Hepatol 2022;12(3):818-829↗
2. Desai GS et al. Liver fat in 688 healthy medical students, BelagaviCureus 2025;17(9):e92747↗
3. Kumar A et al. DiaFib-Liver: liver fibrosis burden in type 2 diabetes in IndiaLancet Reg Health Southeast Asia 2026;47:100753↗
4. Bhagat N et al. Non-obese MASLD, lifestyle vs lifestyle plus a drug: randomised trial, PGIMER ChandigarhIndian J Med Res 2026;163(4):477-485↗
5. Tiwari AK et al. Drug or supplement vs lifestyle in MASLD: 3-arm randomised trial, BHU VaranasiIndian J Med Res 2026;163(5):598-605↗
6. Duseja A et al. INASL guidance paper on NAFLDJ Clin Exp Hepatol 2023;13(2):273-302↗
7. Duseja A et al. INASL adopts the MASLD nameJ Clin Exp Hepatol 2025;15(5):102590↗
8. Sharanabasava et al. Structured lifestyle change in normal-BMI NAFLD, JaipurJ Clin Exp Hepatol 2026;16(6):103632↗
9. Raj PS et al. Lean MASLD: current insightsBest Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2026;40(4):102107↗
10. EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on MASLD (Europe). J Hepatol 2024;81(3):492-542↗

When a balloon can't open a heart blockage

1. Barbato E et al. Management strategies for heavily calcified coronary stenoses: an EAPCI clinical consensus statementEur Heart J 2023;44:4340-56↗
2. ECLIPSE trial — orbital atherectomy vs balloon angioplasty before drug-eluting stents in severely calcified lesions. Lancet 2025↗
3. ROLLER COASTR-EPIC22 — rotational atherectomy vs lithotripsy vs laser. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2025↗
4. ICARE OFDI — intravascular lithotripsy vs rotational atherectomy, randomised. EuroIntervention 2026↗
5. Hill JM et al. Disrupt CAD III — intravascular lithotripsy for severely calcified coronary diseaseJACC 2020↗
6. Ali ZA et al. Disrupt CAD IICirc Cardiovasc Interv 2019↗
7. Gupta A et al. Coronary intravascular lithotripsy in contemporary practice (review)Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2024↗
8. Khattak S et al. Atherectomy techniques: rotablation, orbital and laser (review)Interv Cardiol 2024↗